MILNET Brief
  U.S. UUV Directory, 1/28/2005
A hard covered hardcopy of this briefing is available for purchase online, click here.
This is a working document and will be updated as new material becomes available.

General Technology Requirements include:

COMS
Acoustic and RF communications in depths from 40 to 600 feet; low-cost, low-power, small apeture, two-way modular systems and those with LPI. RF systems include low-cost, low-power, low-profile, two-way sea surface surface systems including over-the-horizon and global-vai-satellite.

NAV
Includes: Acoustic positioning (e.g., static transponder nodes, mobile nodes);
Integrated acoustic navigation and communication; Inertial systems; Feature-based localization (e.g., bathymetric, gravitational, magnetic field maps); Quick-look GPS; Cooperative, multiple-vehicle, multi-day navigation with over 100 square nautical mile area coverage and minimum reliance on GPS

Energy
Power sources capable of providing air-independent, electric power to a fully submerged vehiclethat meet Navy operational constraints such as low acoustic signal, safe handling on-board the host vessel (submarine, surface ship or aircraft), acceptable total ownership costs, and full environmental compliance. Technologies of interest include fuel cells, rechargeable batteries, turbo-alternators, semi-fuel cells, and thermal engines (Stirling, Brayton, other). Energy density and management for prolonged deployments (several weeks or more), possibly utilizing docking stations, is also of interest.

Sensors (miniaturized, low power)
Sonars that provide resolution on the order of four inches out to a range of 800 feet and minimize the number of channels; Sonars that can replace a number of distinct arrays operating at various frequencies on current vehicles (e.g., a forward look sonar array, an acoustic communications array and a side looking sonar array) with a single, conformal, multi-mode array with onboard processing to enable automated obstacle detection and target recognition; Electro-magnetic (EM) and electro-optic (EO) ISR sensors that will enable extremely broad-band above-water signal detection, classification, localization, and collection; Inexpensive sensors and distributed sensor fusion that enable autonomous, three-dimensional object imaging.

Autonomy
This includes system and subsystem level technology developments that will increase the survivability and adaptive control of vehicles in complex/dynamic/tactical environments; reduce communication and human supervision requirements; enable cooperative, multi-vehicle operations with navigation aids and communication relays; and provide increased levels of situational awareness.  Specific areas of interest in autonomy include:  Planning and control architectures; Path planning (including obstacle and dynamic threat avoidance, adaptive route planning); Behavior development; Mission planning/replanning; Multiple vehicle behavior and control; Multiple vehicle imaging, localization, and data fusion; On-board mapping of environmental variability, identified objects and moving contacts; Effective man-machine interface with a limited communication capability.


Large UUV


Typically used to launch other, smaller UUVs -- a typical launch might inlclude several com/nav UUVs to aid in communication with other UUVs, a couple of search UUVs that can locate mines or other underwater foes, and an oceanographic survey system to map the underwater terrain before larger manned vehicles move into the littoral zone.

One such program under prototype are the Manta and Seahorse program:


Large UUVs (Carry smaller UUVs)




Manta
A large modular reconfigurable test bed for future large UUV designs, dispenses smaller UUVs similiar to an airborne cluster bomb
SeaHorse
A large UUV designed to carry experiments in pressure vessels in its tubular design.  The unit runs off of primary lithium batteries however good results have been found using akaline D cells.  The package is 27ft, 10in long, has a diameter of 38 in. (fits Seawolf torp tubes!)




Lazarus Prototype
Predecessor to Sea Horse
(Fuel cell testbed)



Name
Brief Description
Long Description
Maritime Reconnaissance (MR) ($14 million thru FY 2004)
Centers on the Intelligence Survey Reconnaissiance aspect of UUV missions; target designation; launch and coordination of cooperative UUVs for battle damage assessment; and intelligence collection.

LMRS
Long-term
Mine
Reconnaissance
System
AN/BLQ-11 is a submarine launched UUV that will seek out and identify mines in the shallow waters of the littoral zone of an enemies shore or perhaps in deeper waters such as the Persian Gulf.
SAHRV
Semi-
Autonomous Hydrographic Reconnaissance Vechicle
Based on the WHOI REMUS frame, this USSOCOM vehicles "will be used fro reconnaissance in very shallow water (VSW)...The Goal is to achieve an IOC within 4 years of program initiation...operated (deployed) by a team of 3-4 divers. 
SAHRV Prototype
Interested are the ONR's Chemical  Sensing in the Marine Environment Program (Fletcher, 2001) which targets the development of novel means to to detect, characterize and quantify explosives and their derivitives in seawater and marine sediments.  Hydrodynamic field tests conducted at SCD SD using a specially configured Remote Environmental Monitoring Unit (REMUS) (specs) vehicle have shown postive results providing data for the development of detailed models capable of forward and reverse tracking of  UXO (UneXploded Ordnance).  Currently launched via a CRRC (Combat Rubber Raiding Craft) a zodiak--rubber raft with outboard motor attached
RMS
Remote
Minehunting
System
The RMS is a Lockheed Martin UUV that will be depolyed by surface ships to search for mines.


MNS
Mine
Neutralizations
System
A tethered ROV which is designed to neutralize mines


Undersea Search and Survey (USS) ($14 million thru FY 2005)
Provides the ability to rapidly to survey selected areas through a network of small UUVs performing functions such as mine huntiing/neutralization; underwater object location and recovery; and hydrographic/bathymetric surveys.
USS
Undersea
Search and
Survey
Will collect  hydrographics and oceanographic data, find mines, unexploded ordnance, lost objects, pipelines, cables, and other items of interest underwater.  Other devices then could perform mine neutralization, object recovery, and connection to in-situ equipment (Tapping, etc.).  Design range is to be approximately 100 square nautical miles, to be covered in three days, and at depths up to 40 feet.Device for the program is intended to 7.5 inch in diameter This activity is part of the mission to "Reacquire, Identify, and Neutralize mines," for which another 12 inch diameter device will be launched from rigid sided craft or alternatively from the CRRC(Combat Rubber Raiding Craft)

UUV being launched from CRRC ( (Combat Rubber Raiding Craft)
SAMS
Semi
Autonomous
Mapping
System
SAMS will be used with the Towed Oceanographic Survey System (TOSS).  Advantage - Increase effective deep sonar mapping rate 4 times.
Data Output (navigation/sonar/attitude) compatible with NAVO existing processing architecture
Navigation - Ship relative (RATS) or long baseline (moored or drifting buoy configuration) aided by inertial/velocity input
Operation - Concept of operations defines 2 systems, 12 hour mission duration each (one recovered, 2nd unit begins sortie during processing of first sortie data set)


SAMS
TOSS


Top To Bottom
SAMS, NYCDEP-TIV*, REMUS

Communications/Navigation Aid (C/NA) ($16 million thru FY 2005)
Provides a communication/navigation relay for other UUVs operating within the immediate area and is expected to operate as a gateway for autonomous underwater communication/navigation network. 
C/NA
Communications
Navigation
Aid
Will provide Low Propability of Intercept (LPI) communcations links between underwater, surface, air, and underground assets/systems in environments similar to the MR and USS missions in other words, will support the MR and USS mission's comm and nav requirements.



Submarine Track and Trail (ST & T) (will not begin until FY2006)
Provides a mobile cueing function, but could grow into a fully autonomous system offering multiple levels of engagement

Other related systems of interest (see graphic below)
AQS-20

Advanced minehunting sonar that will operate from UUVs and MH-60S helicopters
ALMDS Airborne
Laser
Mine
Detection
System
Advanced minehunting system from Northrop Grumman which will be deployed from helicopters intended to quickly find moored mines
AMNS
Airborne
Mine
Neutralization
System
Helicopter towed weapon from Raytheon which will locate and destroy moored mines
RAMICS
Rapid
Airborne
Mine
Clearance
System
A sophisticated laser-aimed gun from Northrup that will destroy mines near or on the surface.
OASIS
Organic
Airborne and
Surface
Influence
Sweep
A towed device developed by EDO Systems which will imitate the magnetic and acousitc signatures of ships to set off influence triggered mines.



* = OSL engineers at WHOI designed TIV to navigate and document the condition of a 72-km aqueduct that provides 65 percent of the drinking water to the metropolitan NYC area. The vehicle successfully navigated through the water-filled tunnel while taking and recording about 186,000 digital still images of the interior tunnel walls during its 15-hour trip.








Integrated Littoral Warfare


Network Centric Warfare


Cooperative Undersea Battlespace




Sources:

  1. LOW COST UUV’S FOR MILITARY APPLICATIONS: IS THE TECHNOLOGY READY?,  Robert L. Wernli, Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center San Diego
  2. Service Experts Eye ‘Leap Ahead’ In Mine Warfare Capabilities, OTTO KREISHER, Navy Leaque's Sea Power Magazine, 9/2004
  3. UUV Master Plan: A Vision for Navy UUV Development, US Navy's SPAWAR
  4. Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Program, Vehicles, Naval Oceanographic Office, 5/15/2001
  5. Unmanned vehicles tested in the Gulf, The Royal Institute of Naval Architects, London, UK, undated
  6. Building on REMUS, Wood's Hole Oceanographic Institute, 4/1/2004
UUVs in real combat
  1. Unmanned Systems Committed to Iraqi War, AUVSI Online, 1/28/2005
  2. Inside the Navy:  Mine Clearance Efforts In Iraq Aided By Strong Intel, New UUVs, Malina Brown, Wood's Hole Oceanographic Institute, 3/25/2004
  3. Mine Countermeasures a Success, Paul J. Ryan, Wood's Hole Oceanographic Institute, May 2003
  4. REMUS: Between Iraq and a Hard Place, Mike Carlowicz, Woods Hole Currents, Wood's Hole Oceanographic Institute, Summer 2003




© Copyright 2005, Michael G. Crawford for MILNET