A MILNET UNCLASSIFIED BRIEFING

One Sided Politics and Military Alliance
The Modern Saudi Legacy

Saudi Royal Money Trail

This four section report summarizes the reality of the Saudi Arabian duplicity that MILNET believes contributed heavily to many of the major terrorist events in the last two decades and joins with the Rand Corporation analysts who recommend that the U.S. take strong measures to force the Saudi government to change their ways for face U.S. retaliation.  MILNET also believes the Saudis owe reparations to the victims of terrorists based in the Wahhabi sect teachings of Islam.

The first section, Overview,  gives a very brief introduction to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.  Our premise is that the country is nothing more than a family run and owned country, a Kingdom not only in name but in operation.  The Royal family descended from the infamous ibn Saud, a vicious warlord who was a faithful believer in the Wahhabi teachings, ruthlessly killed off his opposition resulting in 1932 in the formation of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.

MILNET and AFI Research and OWL OSINT have published several reports separately and together that detail the current involvement of the Saudi government in the affairs of the Middle East and the alarming increase of cooperation between Saudi Arabia and the friends of terrorists, nations like Iran, Iraq and Syria.

Now as the Rand Corporation study has been released, we see top ranked "think tank" analysts agreeing with our independent analysis.  Major media outlets are now following that release with their own analysis, much of which has already been covered by our independent coverage since 9/11.

The second section of this report, The Case Against The Saudis,  summarizes the evidence of the Saudi's duplicity, much of which has been echoed by the Rand Corporation analysis.

The third section. Saudi Timeline, details a timeline of Saudi history with a focus on relations with the U.S., including some small portion of arms sales between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia as well as the disappointing "support" in terms of oil and the Saudi participation in OPEC.

The fourth and last section, Quotes and Sources, cites some interesting quotes and lists a few of the sources used in this report.
 

SECTION ONE:  Overview

Official Country Name:
Al Mamlakah al Arabiyah as Suudiyah (translated to the "Kingdom of Saudi Arabia")

Government:
Monarchy which is governed according to Shari'a (Islamic law); the Basic Law that articulates the government's rights and responsibilities which was introduced in 1993.  Legal system  based on Islamic law, several secular codes have  been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction -- has not introduced sufferage for women, who remain chattels.  Listed as a human rights absuser by the U.N. The King and Prime Minister si  Fahd bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud (since 13 June 1982); Crown Prince and First Deputy Prime Minister is ABbdallah bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud  (half-brother to the monarch, heir to the throne since 13 June 1982,  regent from 1 January to 22 February 1996); note - the monarch is both the chief of state and head of government .  A Council of Ministers is appointed by the monarch and  includes many royal family members.  There are no elections, the monarch is hereditary  The Legislative branch is a consultative council (90 members and a chairman appointed by the monarch for four-year terms) .  The Judicial branch is known as the Supreme Council of Justice. The Ambassador is  Bandar bin Sultan bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud with the chancery at 601 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037.  Telephone:[1] (202) 342-3800. There are also three general consulates in Houston, Los Angeles, and New York

Military:
The Saudi Military at the time of the Gulf War had the following military assets including approximately 52,000 personnel:

**  In addition, purchases since the Gulf War include


The Wahhabis:
 A Muslim puritan movement founded in the 18th century by M. Wahhab. Members call themselves Muwahhidun, a name derived from their emphasis on the absolute oneness of God.  This is an extremely violent form of Jihadic Muslim beliefs, and its teachings are extremely anti-western, anti-christian, anti-foreigner.  Those who formed the Taliban in Afghanistan came from a particularly virulent group from Pakistan (see 1970s).  Journalist and author Stephen Scwhartz says "“Bin Laden is a Wahhabi. So are the suicide bombers in Israel. So are his Egyptian allies, who exulted as they stabbed foreign tourists to death at Luxor... So are the Algerian terrorists... So are the Taliban-style guerrillas in Kashmir.”13  Fared Zarekia, a journalist coveirng the middle East for Newsweek magazine agrees, stating, "It is clear that Saudi Arabia now exports two products around the globe—oil and religious fanaticism." 13


 

SECTION TWO:  The Case Against the Saudis

This section contains material which expresses opinion based upon analysis of various facts from factual sources including intelligence resources who wish to remain anonymous. Thus the reader should treat the material as "informed speculation" or simply as opinion.

The Saudi Government has shown duplicity over the last three decades in their dealings with the U.S.  Also, the Royal family is tied extremely closely through their religious beliefs to a virulent anti-American, anti-western, and anti-semetic form of Islam, the Wahhabi sect.  Below we list the specific details of the case against the Saudis:
 


 


 

SECTION THREE:  The Saudi Timeline

Note:  This timeline does not cover the hundreds of terrorist acts worldwide which feature Saudi nationals -- such a list is a virtual chronology of terrorist events.  We draw your attention to the MILNET mirrored documents from the U.S. government (Patterns of Global Terrorism) that does document the chronology starting in 1995, as well as documents the leaders of terrorist groups and their activities since 1970.

1780-1932 - Saud Family:
Though the Sauds had ruled much of Arabia from 1780 to 1880, in Ibn Saud's infancy the  family was forced out by its rivals, the Rashids. In 1902 Abdul al-Aziz Ibn Saud captured Riyadh and set out on a brutal 30-year campaign to unify the Arabian peninsula. At 21 Ibn Saud led a daring raid against the Rashids and recaptured the Saudi capital, Riyadh. He was driven out two years later, but reconstituted his forces and fought on, using religion to rally nomadic ttribesmen to his cause, and in 1920-22 he defeated the Rashids and doubled his own territory. In 1924 he conquered the Hejaz -- Sharif Husayn ibn Ali.  Ibn was a member of the Wahhabi Islam sect and there is evidence he ordered the defilement of relics of other Islamic sects.

1915-1927 - British Protectorate:
The British held Saudi lands as a protectorate 1915-27

1927: Sovereignty Granted:
British acknowledged the sovereignty of the Kingdom of the Hejaz and Najd.

1932 - Unified Kingdoms:
The two kingdoms were unified as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932, with Ibn Saud formally creating the kingdom of Saudi Arabia, which he ruled as an absolute monarch until his death in June of 1982.  His sons have succeeded him, ruling as a monarchy with the aid of a set of laws in their constitution, however it is not clear that the royal family is subject to those rules.

1938 - Oil discovery:
When huge oil reserves are discovered in the reclusive kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1938, American engineers and newly trained Saudi workers establish oil towns and oil fields in the kingdom’s eastern province.  Backed by equipment and know-how from the newly established Arabian American Oil Co. (Aramco),  Saudi Arabia goes through rapid industrialization with roads, ports, housing and water systems built over the next four decades. 15
1943 - World War II:
The United States sends its first military mission to the country in 1943 after President Franklin D. Roosevelt declares that the defense of the region is key to U.S. interests.  The mission, composed of the Army Corp of Engineers, builds an airfield at Dhahran and trains a new Saudi army.  The relationship between the two countries is made official with a handshake between President Roosevelt and King Sa'ud Bin-Abd-al-Aziz Al Sa'ud aboard the U.S.S. Quincy in the Suez Canal.  15

1947-1974 - Cold War arms sales:
Between 1947 and 1991, Saudi Arabia purchases $60 billion in services and weaponry through the Foreign Military Sales program of the United States Department of Defense.

1951 - Early Cold War:
A 1951 mutual defense assistance agreement allows the United States to continue training and supplying Saudi armed forces. One provision of the pact authorizes the United States to establish a permanent United States Military Training Mission in the kingdom. This mission continues to the present day.  15

1972 - Saudi Purchase 20% Aramco  Oil Venture:
American companies control Saudi oil production up until 1972 when the government purchases 20 percent of Aramco.

1973-74 Oil Embargo:
Saudi Arabia plays a greater role in the region as its oil revenue increases.  The outbreak of the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Egypt, Syria and Jordan on one side and Israel on the other, provides the Saudis with an opportunity to use oil production to show their displeasure about Israel’s victory.  Shortly after the war, Arab exporters vote to slash oil production by five million barrels a day. The price of crude oil soars from $3 a barrel in 1972 to $12 by the end of 1974.  15

1970-1980 - Cancelled Arms Sales:
During the 1970s and 1980s the proposed sales of advanced weaponry provokes a storm of disapproval in Congress, which fears that such technology would be used against Israel.  Some sales are canceled outright, while others, such as the 1978 sale of F-15 fighter/bombers, are only approved after the range and offensive power of such weapons are limited prior to sale.  The very public congressional debates infuriate the Saudi government.

1970-1980 - Training in U.S.:
Fighter pilots of the Saudi Air Force received training, including Saudi Ambassador Princ Bandar bin Sultan bin Abd al-Aziz Al Saud.

1978 Arms Sale:
Prince Bandar helps close the sale to Saudi Arabia of F-15 fighters.

1979 - Afghan-Soviet War:
Both the United States and Saudi Arabia play major roles in supporting Afghan resistance to the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan.   While the CIA lends arms and expertise, representatives of the Saudi Arabian government - most notably Osama bin Laden - ply the mujahedeen with billions in support.  The United States abandons its role following the Soviet pullout.  But Saudi Arabia continues to play both a financial and religious role; backing warlords and establishing 'madrassas' adhering to the Wahabbi sect of Islam.  Experts in the region believe that Saudi-backing of these strict Islamic schools helped sow the seeds for the rise of the Taliban.  15

1980 Taliban:
Students from a virulent Wahhabi Islam sect in Pakistan (taught in Madrasses funded by the Saudi and Pakistani governement and donations from Muslims worldwide) form the Taliban which soon becomes the predominant leaders and then finally the government of Afghanistan.

1980 -Oil Takeover:
In 1980 the Saudi government takes full control of  Aramco, ending commerical oil ventures in the kingdom.

1981 AWACS Sale:
Prince Bandar helps close sale of AWACs surveillance planes to Saudi Arabia.

1985 British Arms Sales:
U.K. sold 100 Toronado bombers to Saudi Arabia, 52 in 1985, 48 in 1988.  This prompted U.S. aerospace companies to complain Congressional limits on sales to Saudi Arabia were severely impacting their ability to compete and keep jobs in the U.S.

1987 - U.S. Fighter Sales:
U.S. sells 24 F-15 fighters to Saudi Arabia.

1990 - Iraq Invades Kuwait:
In August of 1990, Iraq crosses into Kuwait.  Saudi Arabia immediately requests U.S. forces be deployed to stop any movement into Saudi terroritory or expansion to other Arab nations.

1990 - Air base:
The United States builds the Prince Sultan Air base for Operation Desert Storm and it becomes home to around 5,000 U.S. military personnel, the largest contingent of American soldiers in the Gulf region.  15

1990 Desert Shield:
Saudi Arabia was crucial to the success of Operation Desert Shield and Desert Storm, allowing U.S. troops to deploy inside its territory in preparation for the 1991 attack on Iraq.  15

1991 Desert Storm:
Gulf War - The United States dispatches more than 500,000 troops to Saudi Arabia at the invitation of the government following Iraq's invasion of Kuwait in 1990.  During the war Saudi Arabia's bases and airfields serve as a major stepping-off point for American forces in the battle for Kuwait while its forces fight alongside the U.S., the U.K. and other allied armies.   15

1992 - Fighter Sales **:
Early in September 1992, the Bush Administration and Congress approved the export of 48 F-15E Strike Eagel aircraft to Saudi Arabia.  The sale is then increased on September 14 to 72 F-15XP aircraft, 24 aircraft spare engines/modules, 48 sets  of navigation and targeting pods, 900 AGM-65D/G MAVERICK air to ground TV guided missiles, 300 AIM-9S and 300 AIM-7M air-to-air missiles, 600 CBU-87 cluster bombs, 700 GBU-10/12  gravity bombs. 18

1992 Operation Southern Watch:
Commencing on August 27, 1992 under authority of UNSCR 688, Operation Southern Watch began. On Dec 24, 1992, the first aircraft, a MIG Foxbat was destroyed in the air by an U.S. F-16 partrolling the zone.   Prince Sultan Air base is one of the bases where Operation Southern Watch operates from today.  F-15s and F-16s of the U.S. Air Force's 4404th Wing (Provisional) wing is as well as British aircraft patrol the no fly zone daily and regularly (about monthly) fire upon and destroy Iraqi SAM, AA Aritillery, Radar, or Command and Control sites that targer or support targeting of no fly zone aircraft.  Since activation, no allied aircraft have been attacked or damaged by Iraqi Air Defenses.  The wing has fielded over the years the following aircraft:  F-15C, F15E, F-16, KC-135, KC-10, RC-135, E-3, U-2, C-130, HC-130, and C-21.

1993 - Iraqi Nuclear Facility Attacked:
On, Jan. 17, coalition naval forces disabled an Iraqi nuclear facility with Tomahawk cruise missiles in support of UNSCR 687, the resolution demanding the destruction of all Iraqi weapons of mass destruction.  Recon was flown from Prince Sultan Air Base.

1995 Arms Sales **:
In November of 1995, U.S. sells 556 Rockwell GBU-15 guided bomb units to Saudi Arabia 18

1996 - Khobar Towers:
In June of 1996, a truck bombing outside a U.S. barracks in Dharan, Saudi Arabia kills 19 Americans and wounds another 372.  Saudi law prevents non-Saudis from questioning any prisoners and during the resulting investigation American investigators accuse their Saudi counterparts of frustrating the case by withholding crucial evidence.

September 1996 - Upgrades **:
Installation of Tactical Airborne Surveillance System (TASS) AWACS aircraft; one KE-3B aircraft; and related support and upgrades 18

1996 - Training Sale **:
In November of 1996, Saudi Naval personnel receive training in the U.S., closing a sale of instruction for $179 million.

1998 AAM Upgrade **:
In April of 1998, the U.S. Department of Defense sponsored an upgrade for 1500 AIM-9L missiles to the Raytheon AIM-9M configuration; possible sale of five sets of PATHFINDER/SHARPSHOOTER navigation and targeting pods. 18

October 1998 U.S. Buildup:
As tensions over lack of access for U.N. weapons inspectors, the U.S. ratchets up U.S. armed forces presence in Gulf, including the 5th Fleet's Carrier Battle Group, 5000-6000 ground troops, and aircraft including 20 each of the F-18, F-14 and EA-6B aircraft afloat and 50 to 60 F-15 or F-16 aircraft at the Prince Sultan Air Base (Operation Southern Watch).

December 1998:
President Bill Clinton blinks and allows U.N. inspectors to leave, tosses a few cruise missiles but no other action taken and Iraq is now out of the U.N. Inspection regime.  Saudi support is minimal as missile launches are from ships off shore however some recon assets may have been used, and Prince Sultan is continued to be used for the Operation Southern Watch no fly zone.  Tensions continued to a peak in February and then slowly decreased as the President was under pressure at home.  Saudis were never asked (since they told the U.S. government they would have refused) to aid in an attack

2000 In-Country Support,Spares, Comms, and Field Missile Sales **:
In May 2002, DoD approves Defense services to the Saudis, obstensibly to establish in-country warehousing of spare parts, overhaul and depot-level repair of F100-PW-220/220E and F100-PW-229 engines.  In September, US supported effort to modernize Saudi  Arabian National Guard continues -- to include 1,827 TOW 2A missiles;  27 lot acceptance missiles; 104 AN/VRC-90, 45 AN/VRC92, and 59 AN?PRC-119 advanced tactical  communication systems; 21 secure remote sets; five very high frequency RT-1702E receiver transmitter modules; and 132 various Light Armored Vehicles, etc.  Also approved is the continuation of contractor maintenance and training technical services, spare and repair parts, support equipment, modification facilities, and labor to accomplish programmed depot maintenace for up to 100 Saudi F-15 aircraft.

2001 U.S. Indictment:
The United States indicts 13 Saudis and a Lebanese for the bombing, but the Saudi government, which had 11 of the 14 in custody, ignores the indictment.  15

July 2001:
Saudi Arabia announces that it had sentenced some of the people it arrested for the bombing.  No further details were provided. 15

Sept. 11, 2001:
Terrorists hijack commerical aircraft and fly two into the World Trade Center buildings which collapse taking out an entire block around them, one into the Pentagon taking out a "wedge", and one is flown into the ground in Pennsylvania (presumably by the passengers).  The FBI announces that 15 of the 19 Sept. 11 hijackers were Saudi citizens who had obtained visas from the U.S. Embassy in Saudi Arabia.  U.S. Government makes no complaint or statement about the Saudi connection.  Terrorists are found to be members of Al-Qaeda, led by Osama Bin Laden, the son of a prominent Saudi, and the hijackers all appear to have received much of their spiritual guidance from Wahhabi based Mosques, met in these Mosques in several countries and may have received funding from a number of Arab countries and charities throuhgout the world, including Saudi Arabia.

September 2001:
U.S. asks all countries to aid in tracing and stopping funding to Al Qaeda.  Saudi Arabia is extremely helpful.   Al Qaeda is indentified as using Afghanistan for its training and found to reside there.  U.S. demands the Taliban regime turn over the terrorists.  Saudi Arabia is helpful in communication with Taliban, then breaks ties as other countries also distance themselves from the doomed regime.  Pakistan offers U.S. basing priviliges to go into Afghanistan, and Prince Sultan Air Base in Saudi Arabia becomes a staging area.

October 2001:
On October 7, U.S. invaded Afghanistan, staging continues out of Prince Sultan Air Base in Saudi Arabia

Spring 2002:
The U.S. defines Iraq, Iran and North Korea as an "axis of evil" for their cooperative efforts to build NBC weapons and support worldwide, global terrorism.  U.S. states a "regime change" is necessary in Iraq, intent on ousting Saddam Hussein.  Saudi Arabia immediately refuses to recognize the U.S. claim, prohibits such an attack from bases in Saudi Arabia.  At the Arab Summit, Royal family members state an attack on Iraq is an attack on all Arab nations, embracing Saddam Hussein.  A "marathon" raises funds for families of Palestinian suicide bombers, with huge Arab nation donations including large amounts from wealthy Saudis and the Saudi Royal family.

2002:
Iraqi invasion in 2002/2003? - The kingdom says that U.S. forces will not be permitted to use Saudi territory  if Washington launches another strike on Baghdad.  Saudi Arabia formally distances itself from any American plans to attack Iraq.  15
2002:
The Saudi government has pushed for a united Arab position on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict while criticizing the United States for its support for the Israeli government. The kingdom is a strong supporter of the Palestinian cause and has provided financial backing to the Palestinian Authority while charitable groups inside the country have been accused of helping Palestinian militant groups. Saudi Arabia also authored a peace proposal that called on Israel to pull back to its 1967 borders in return for peace with the Arab world.15

2002 **:
The largest U.S. force in the Gulf can be found on the Prince Sultan Air Force Base, a state-of-the-art command center that runs U.S. military activity throughout the region and directed the air war in Afghanistan.  American military presence is also a sore point in the Gulf.  Osama bin Laden and other Muslim leaders have complained that the American presence is an affront to the nation, home to Islam's holiest shrines. 15

2002 - Arms on Order **:
Currently the Defense Department is sponsoring sales to Saudi Arabia of M-1A2 Abrams main battle tank, M-2A2 Bradley  armored vehicles, F-15E Strike Eagle attack aircraft and Patriot surface-to-air missile, as well as TOW 2A (Special) anti-armor missiles (assembled in Switzerland) in February of 2002.  In April of 2002,   the Saudis were sold technical data, defense services and defense articles related to the training and maintenance required to operate E-3A and KE-3A Airborne Early Warning and Control Aircraft making them independent of U.S. support, however Saudi Arabia may order further parts as is convenient. 18

August 2002 - Survivors Sue:
700 relatives of Sept. 11 victims filed a $100 Trillion suit against the Saudi and Sudanese governments and some institutions claiming  that they helped finance Osama bin Laden’s network and  the terror attacks that killed nearly 3,000 people in New York City, Washington and Pennsylvania.  Fifteen of the 19 Sept. 11 hijackers were Saudis, but the Bush administration has never held the Saudi government responsible.

August 2002 - Damaging Report:
A recommendation from a private defense analyst to a Pentagon advisory board that the Arab ally be given an ultimatum to stop supporting terrorism or face retaliation.  15

August 2002 - Senator Speaks Out:
On August 12, 2002, Senator Fred Thompson, (R) Tennesee, said of the Saudis, "But they are the hotbed and they are the center of the religious extremism that's caused us so much trouble. Most of the hijackers were from there. They give aid and comfort to the clerics there who are preaching anti-Americanism. They're using the U.S. as whipping boys there in their own country to keep those folks off of them, to maintain their own power." 9 The Washington Post reported on the same day, "The Saudis are active at every level of the terror chain, from planners to financiers, from cadre to foot soldier, from ideologist to cheerleader. Saudi Arabia supports our enemies and attacks our allies. It is the colonel of evil, the prime mover, the most dangerous opponent in the Middle East."
 
 


 
 

SECTION FOUR:  Quotes and Sources

** Since the Gulf War, starting in 1991, the U.S. has sold the following weapons to Saudi Arabia 18 :

Quotes of Interest:
 
"...but they are the hotbed and they are the center of the religious extremism that's caused us so much trouble. Most of the hijackers were from there. They give aid and comfort to the clerics there who are preaching anti-Americanism. They're using the U.S. as whipping boys there in their own country to keep those folks off of them, to maintain their own power."
-- Senator Fred Thompson, R-Tenn 9
 

"It is clear that Saudi Arabia now exports two products around the globe—oil and religious fanaticism."
-- Fareed Zaraki, Newsweek 13
 

"...the Saudis are active at every level of the terror chain, from planners to financiers, from cadre to foot-soldier, from ideologist to cheerleader."  "Saudi Arabia supports our enemies and attacks our allies..."  Describing Saudi Arabia as "the kernel of evil, the prime mover, the most dangerous opponent" in the Middle East.
-- Excerpt from the Rand Report, as published in Washington Post 14, 19
 

"...the Saudi regime is following its classic policy of talking nice to us, maintaining an alliance with us, benefiting from our protection, while in fact preaching and funding and organizing and supporting Islamic extremism worldwide."
--Stephen Schwartz, an Excerpt from the Jim Angle interview on Fox News  11
 

"...there's a long pattern here of attempting to address their constituency by speaking in one way and attempting to address us by speaking in another way. I don't want to be harsh about it, but I think it's time for them to be straight with us."
--Stephen Schwartz, an Excerpt from the John Gibson interview on Fox News 16
 

"This nation will not live at the mercy of terrorists or terrorist regimes," Cheney told the veterans. Those urging legalistic approaches to wait until the US can prove Iraq has weapons of mass destruction, Cheney said, have flawed reasoning. "We will not simply look away, hope for the best and leave the matter to some future administration to resolve,"
-- U.S. Vice President Dick Cheney, addressing the VFW 17

"Saudi Arabia does not have weapons of mass destruction. It did, however, buy long-range CSS-2 ballistic missiles from China. Very senior Saudi officials have held conversations with officials involved in the Pakistani nuclear program, and possibly with similar officials in other countries,"
-- Internal U.S. State Department report authored by former Pentagon official Anthony Cordesman 20


MILNET, AFI, and OWL OSINT related coverage:
 

Sources:

  1. MILNET:  Protected Sources - on intelligence and relationships between various Arab Nations and Palestinian groups.
  2. MSNBC online, The ‘New Wahhabi’ movement, Sue Lackey, 10/17/01
  3. Fox News Online, The Weekly Standard article by Stephen Schwartz, Saudi Friends, Saudi Foes, (article no longer available online, see the interview, footnote 11 below) 10/12/01
  4. Ahle Sunnat Wal Jamaat (South London) , representatives of a rival muslim sect to the Wahhabi sect.
  5. Encylopædia Britannica Online, "Wahhabi", Encyclopædia Britannica [Accessed April 14, 2002].
  6. The World Book Encyclopedia, Saudi Arabia, (1967 version)
  7. The Ottoman Khilafa,  A history of the Ottoman Empire
  8. The Wahhabi Lobby Loses, Frank J. Gaffney Jr., The Center for Security Policy, Fox News Online Headline, August 27, 2002.
  9. Interview with Senator Fred Thompson, Excerpts from Transcript, Tony Snow, Fox News Online, August 12, 2002
  10. Two Faces of Islam, Stephen Schwartz, Doubleday; ISBN: 0385506929; 1st edition (October 15, 2002), available from Amazon Books Online
  11. Stephen Schwartz Interview, Saudi Arabia, Friend or Foe, Fox News Online, Jim Angle interviews Stephen Scwartz, August 7, 2002
  12. Saudis - Friends or Foes, Dennis Murphy, NBC, interviews with Stephen Scwhartz and Andrew Sullivan - undated.
  13. The Allies that Made our Foes,  Fareed Zakera, Newsweek October 1, 2002 Issue, MSNBC Online.
  14. Sept 11 Families Join to Sue Saudis, Susan Schmidt, Washington Post Online, August 16, 2002 (Staff writers John Mintz and Douglas Farah contributed to the report)
  15. U.S. Saudi Ties, Bush Confers with Saudi Envoy, MSNBC Online Interactive breifing sidebar, August 27, 2002. (some bullets are taken verbatim or some portions used and are marked accordingly).
  16. The Two Faces of Saudi Arabia, John Gibson Interview with Stephen Schwartz, Fox News, May 8, 2002.
  17. Cheney makes case for pre-emptive strike on Saddam..., The Center for Security Policy,  August 27, 2002
  18. Arms Sales to Saudi Arabia - 1992-2002 , The Federation of American Scientists Online
  19. Briefing Depicted Saudis as Enemies, Thomas E. Ricks, Washington Post Online, August 6, 2002
  20. U.S. Report Cites Saudi Interest in Nukes, Middle East Newsline, August 28, 2002

Updated Reading
Saudi Terrorist Financing Issues, CRS,10/04/2004
Middle East Balance, ...Saudi Arabia, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 12/28/1998
Middle East Balance, ..., Israel and the Ring of Arab Nations, CSIS, 2/24/1999

© Copyright, 2002, Michael Crawford, MILNET